The Concept of an International Community Essay - 1373 Words

The concept of an international community existing on the scale at which it does today is fairly new (Bromley, 2009, p. 410). In this new world order, states must interact with each other on a far more integrated and cohesive level in order to maintain international order. In the following essay, we will evaluate the claim that â€Å"there is no legitimate authority internationally† (Bromley, 2009, p. 427). In the process, we will examine two competing views of international order - the realist and the liberal theories. We will discover that international politics is complicated at best, and that the reality of international relations falls somewhere in between the realist and the liberal views. The realist view of international politics posits†¦show more content†¦Situated at the top of this body are a group of nations deemed the â€Å"security council†. This is a group of the world’s most powerful nations and their unanimous decision is needed to authorise any use of international force. Theoretically, the very existence of the UN undermines the realist theory - an international body does exist with a claim to international authority. In practice however, this contention is not borne out completely. The great powers, nations which are â€Å"understood by other states as having †¦ the role of defining and upholding the rules for the use of force in international affairs† (Bromley, 2009, p. 431), act principally to defend their own interests, above those of the rest of the international community (Bromley, 2009, p. 428 - 429). This constant jostling and vying for position is due to the international awareness that â€Å"the armed forces of each poses a potential threat to others†, meaning that a â€Å"state must look first to securing the conditions of its own survival†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bromley, 2009, p.428 - 429). Rather than be governed centrally, each state acts in its own interests to balance the power of the strongest states. The wariness of anoth er state’s potential for violent action gives rise to an uneasy state of international peace. In terms of the realist theory, this is called â€Å"international anarchy† (Bromley, 2009, p. 428). Whilst the ill-will that exists between states canShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Human Security1454 Words   |  6 Pagesscholars have suggested a new concept in terms of security, which is security for human. The concept of human security has been regarded as controversial since its introduction in the world politics. However, it is undeniable that the concept has been developed in recent decades to make it a useful tool for security studies. 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Chartes Cathedral 1 Free Essays

Entering Chartres Cathedral Through the Central Portal In the town of Chartres about 50 miles southwest of Paris, is where the Chartres Cathedral is located and can be seen for miles as it is the tallest structure and was built on the highest point of the town. Cathedrale Notre-Dame de Chartres is its formal name but since the majority of the French Cathedrals were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, to avoid confusion the cathedrals are referred to the town to which they belong. The Chartres Cathedral has portals on the northern, southern, and western sides of the building. We will write a custom essay sample on Chartes Cathedral 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each of the Portals has three enormous doors that are surrounded by sculptures depicting scenes from the life of Jesus and Mary as well as a Colossal Rose Window, which is above the doors. The Western Portal also called the Royal Portal is the oldest part of the church and mostly built in the Romanesque Style that was a precursor of Gothic. After a fire in The southern transept portals’ sculptures are of the New Testament and depict scenes from the Last Judgment while the Rose Window is a stain glass masterpiece of The Glorification of Christ. As you approach the central door, you are greeted by a statue of Jesus holding a book in one hand and appearing to be giving a blessing with his other, as his Disciples flank him on both sides of the jamb. The statue of Jesus is on the trumeau which is a column supporting a tympanum of a doorway at its center. Once through the door you are in the southern transept. This section of the cathedral is an arm of the Latin Cross that is the floor plan of all cathedrals. Just ahead is the Crossing, to your left is a side aisle of the nave, and to your right are the double aisles that lead to the area that is the back area of the Apse. The Apse is a rounded end (semi-circle) of a cathedral, church, or building that demonstrates its importance. Chartres Cathedral was constructed with double aisles to accommodate the large number of pilgrims who visited daily and who would pray in the Chapels. The back part of the Apse houses the Choir Screen, Choir Aisle (the first aisle), the Ambulatory (the second aisle), and seven Radiating Chapels. As you journeying towards the Apse, the next section that you will traverse is called the Crossing. This area is the center of the Latin Cross in the floor plan. There are four massive columns that are as big as the North American Red Woods that mark the four corners. These columns were carved to appear to be a cluster of many smaller columns to give the appearance of being lighter in mass that they really are. As your eye follows the columns up you notice the Triforium an area of arches that form a gallery or an arcade, and the Clerestory the section that has the most stain glass windows to allow daylight into the interior. These areas form the upper two levels of the Nave in the Cathedral. As your gaze continues upward you then began to notice the rib vaults that form the ceiling. As your eyes follow the ribs downward you notice the Piers that seem to sprout out of the columns that support the upper levels as well as the roof. Turning toward the right you are now facing the Choir this is the area that leads to the Apse. You have arrived. The Apse is cordon off by a low wrought iron prayer fence. This area is elevated by a series of wide steps that allow seating for the Leaders of the Cathedral, Alter, candles and other items used during Mass. There are 15 stain glass windows on the Clerestory level and approximately 60 on the Triforium level creating a Bay that illuminates the Apse. A Comparison of Giotto’s Arena Chapel Nativity with that of Pisano in the Pisa Baptistery Pulpit Giovanni Pisano (1250 – 1315) and Giotto di Bondone (1266 – 1337) were contemporaries who are credited as geniuses of the Italian Renaissance because they both produced works that were correctly created from the natural world. The natural stances, proportions, and folds of the material are evident in each of their works. Gone are the elongated bodies and stylized pleats and patterns of the Byzantine style, which preceded the Renaissance Giovanni was an Italian sculpture, painter, and architect who received his training from his famous father Nicola Pisano. Giovanni worked as his father’s apprentice up until his death (1284) this is when his sculptures began to have a more natural appearance. It is believed that Giotto was discovered by the Florentine Cimabue painter discovered Giotto drawing pictures of his sheep on a rock. They were so lifelike that Cimabue asked his father if he could take the boy as an apprentice. Giotto was a painter, sculpture, and architecture, who is considered the first of the Italian Renaissance. Although Giovanni and Giotto worked in different mediums, the breadths of their works are of traditional religious subject. Giovanni’s Pisano Pisa Baptistery Pulpit is hexagonal functional sculpture carved from marble that is divided into three sections. The lower register has lions and other figures, with the lions depicted as vanquishing prey – a Romanesque symbol for Christianity triumphing over paganism. The middle level depicts personified Virtues and Prophets, and the upper, has reliefs depicting events in the life of Christ. Giotto’s Nativity scene is one of 53 Frescos painted for the Arena Chapel that displays a host of Angels, shepherds, animals, Joseph asleep in the foreground, while a relaxing Mary and the Midwife place a swaddled infant Jesus into the manger. There is a similar scene in high relief of a reclining Mary and swaddled Jesus on one of the upper panels of the Baptistery Pulpit. It took Giovanni about 8 years to complete the pulpit while it took Giotto 5 years for the whole Chapel. Although one may think that a painting is easier that a sculpture, the technique for creating a fresco is time consuming due to the need of only applying the wet plaster to the area of the wall to be painted in small patches. All the while temperature and atmospheric conditions could alter the paint as well as the drying time. Any areas that had a mistake would have to be cut out and the process would begin anew. The Baptistery Pulpit and the Nativity scene are both in some state of disrepair but to attempt to rectify this may further damage and take away from these great mater pieces. Another notable similarity between the two pieces is the use of the chiaroscuro technique. This is the use of deep variations in and subtle gradations of light and shade, especially to enhance the delineation of character and for general dramatic effect. A few places in the Nativity scene Giotto used were to create the folds in the clothing and the crags seen on the mountains of the background. Giovanni was able to show this technique through the deep carvings, which cast shadows creating the light and dark areas. Both pieces are filled with symbolism such as the personification of Fortitude on the middle level of the pulpit as Hercules and the painted ass that represents the unenlightened and the ignorant for it’s failure to recognize the significance of the moment. Both works were commissioned not only to beautify their surroundings, but also to inspire and to educate through an emotional experience by viewing the realistic scenes. References http://images. library. pitt. edu/cgi-bin/i/image http://www. mcah. columbia. edu/ha/panos/Chartres/nave/ http://www. medievalart. org. k/Chartres/Chartres_default. htm http://upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Basilique_Saint-Denis_01. jpg http://www. mcah. columbia. edu/ha/html/medieval_chartres_ntransept. htm http://classics. uc. edu/~johnson/hum98/chartres-intext. asp http://teach2thrill. blogspot. com/2011/12/chartres-cathedral. html http://www. mcah. columbia. edu/ha/panos/Chartres/crossing/ http://www. sacred-destinations. com/f rance/chartres-cathedral http://www. medart. pitt. edu/image/France/Chartres/Chartres-Cathedral/Windows/Transept-windows/122A-South-Rose/Chartres-122SouthRose. HTM http://www. GreatBuildings. com/cgi-bin/gbi. cgi/Chartres_Cathedral. html/cid_aj2831_b. html http://www. mcah. columbia. edu/ha/html/medieval_chartres_ambulatory. htm http://www. medart. pitt. edu/image/France/Chartres/Chartres-Cathedral/Architecture/Interior/Main-Level/Main-Int-Frame. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nicola_Pisano http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/giotto/ http://www. wga. hu/frames-e. html? /html/g/giotto/padova/index. html http://www. bluffton. edu/~sullivanm/italy/pisa/baptistrypulpit/pulpit. html How to cite Chartes Cathedral 1, Papers

Alternative Sources Essay Example For Students

Alternative Sources Essay Demand for gasoline has been the driving force in utilization and depletion of crude petroleum, which is a non-renewable resource. In recent years, tendencies have just begun to, at times, favor alternative fuels to power autos. Many possible alternative fuels exist, certainly not without their drawbacks. These alternatives include, but are not limited to, various batteries coupled with solar power, alcohols, gasohol, and both liquefied and gaseous natural gas. The chief drawbacks are cost of adaptation and implementation, engineering, and cost of the fuels themselves. As stated by many a chairman of petroleum companies, alternative fuels have limited applications and too many economic disadvantages. (Derr, 30) Although alternatives to gasoline may have some very limited niche applications in efforts to reduce air pollution, they have too few environmental advantages and too many economic disadvantages to justify the high expectations that some regulators have of them, stated the chairman and CEO of Chevron in 1994. (Derr, 30) It seems that some automobile manufacturers may have a similar opinion. The automobile industry is deliberately trying to sabotage electric and natural gas vehicles. (Savage 7) However, these two industries are not in the majority as engineers in the United States and Europe are constantly developing low-cost alternatives. These industry giants may soon have no choice but to explore and diversify into more alternative fuel options as they have done in Brazil. (Grammer, 10) Emissions standards are growing stricter throughout the States, especially in California where a percentage of cars sold must be zero emission vehicles. Concern is also growing across the Atlantic in Europe: According to recent findings in the U.K., the pollutions in vehicle emissions cause a range of illnesses and are the main source of atmospheric contamination. The U.K. government has been urged to double the real price of petrol, triple the use of public transport, and halve the size of its current 19 billion roads program by 2005. The findings have raised interest in possible alternative fuels. (Cavenagh, 15)These alternatives involve modified internal combustion engines, ICEs, modified fuel delivery systems, as well as advancements in the field of electrical storage capacities. I will discuss the many developments in the field of automobile alternative fuels, reduced and zero emission vehicles, and fuel delivery and ICE modifications producing reduced emissions. Positive and negative aspects to implementation will be discussed as well as an analysis made on whether the alternative approach is feasible on a mass production scale. There has been much improvement in reducing emissions of gasoline and diesel powered vehicles. Every month we hear of another vehicle running on petroleum fuels, reducing emissions, and increasing efficiency. Direct diesel injection into ICE cylinders increases mileage by 20%, (DiChristina, 43), for example. Also, ozone precursor release in the 1960s was on average 324 lb/Yr., whereas now it is 21 lb/Yr. In 1998 it is expected to be 12 lb/Yr., a 96% improvement. (Derr, 30) But this paper is examining non-petrol fuels. There is also much advancement in the non-petroleum field, as well as advancements in engines burning gasoline in addition to other fuels such as alcohol, and various combustible gases such as butane, propane, and methane. Martin-Marietta Energy Systems Inc. of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, has developed a magneto hydrodynamic engine that converts the chemical energy of liquid or gaseous fuels into variable-frequency alternating-current electrical power. Nicholaos Pahis of Vernon, Connecticut, has developed a rotary internal combustion engine with an inherently balanced 8-cylinder design that ingests a constant air/fuel mixture. SSI Corporation of Atkinson, New Hampshire, has developed a computer-controlled engine that operates intermittently, driving a fixed-volume hydraulic pump/motor. .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 , .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .postImageUrl , .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 , .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6:hover , .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6:visited , .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6:active { border:0!important; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6:active , .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6 .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue43b8bce2e4d189089fef1eee366c6c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Apocalypse Essay (Lynch 66) Shown above, an ICE is no longer required to power a vehicle. In the November issue of Popular Science, a fuel delivery system was overviewed. Developed by an Italian automaker, it uses an existing gasoline ICE, but adapts the fuel tank and fueling port to accept propane, methane/natural gas, and gasoline. The tank can be running low on gasoline, and the car fueled with natural gas or vice versa! Natural gas is an alternative fuel with the added bonus of cleaner and more complete combustion and thus emissions of carbon dioxide and water as opposed to hydrocarbons. Natural gas does seem a promising

Reaction Paper Teddy Stellard Essay Example

Reaction Paper: Teddy Stellard Essay The story about the life of Teddy Stellard and his teacher Miss Thompson had a strong impact on each and everyone’s heart. It had touched my heart because I wasn’t expecting that a simple help from one person can build up the future of a child like Teddy. It had enlightened not only my mind but also my heart on how to deal with other people and how I should try to understand someone’s past before I judge them. The initial reaction of Miss Thompson to Teddy was disappointment which had caused her to become curious about the child’s background, and this simple curiosity had led her to become someone she never thought she were. As she continue to help the child, she had not noticed that the more she helped and encouraged him, the more she became a better teacher. It was an advantage for both of them. Through their different experiences, they were both molded to become a better person. I had quoted that when Teddy thank Miss Thompson she had said that â€Å" I didn’t know how to teach until I met you,† this simple line says it all. We sometimes forego and neglect our â€Å"Teddies† in life, thinking that it would just all be a waste of time to deal with them but we should always consider that many of the best experiences in life do not always come in beautiful things. The worst things almost always bring out the best in us. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper: Teddy Stellard specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper: Teddy Stellard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper: Teddy Stellard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer